Source: Fintech
China's closed super-app ecosystem is proving incompatible with AI commerce. ByteDance shut down Doubao's cross-service operations when it threatened WeChat's monopoly. Western payment networks are taking a different approach: explicitly architecting interoperability by embedding tokenized cards directly into third-party AI agents. Shopify and Mastercard are winning the agentic commerce race by solving a structural problem—giving AI unrestricted access to payments across any merchant or platform. App-based moats from the previous decade are functionally obsolete.